International Law Management

Question: Compose a paper on Political Science? Answer: An arrangement is a kind of understanding under universal law. Such an understanding is gone into by the on-screen characters in worldwide law. The gatherings of a worldwide understanding are either the sovereign states or the global associations. It is a type of the understanding went into by states that are legitimately authoritative on such states. A settlement might be reciprocal when it is gone into between two gatherings and may likewise be between multiple gatherings and in such a case it is known as the multilateral arrangement. In the United States, the bargain making procedure might be put under the accompanying heads; Arrangements are approved by the Secretary of State Arrangements are embraced by the United States delegates Marking of settlement is approved by the Secretary of State At that point the understanding becomes effective The understanding is transmitted to the Congress by the President The Secretary of State approves arrangements for the bargain, and the official branch does exchanges. After the exchanges are closed, the agents of the gatherings concerned consent to the arrangement. After the gatherings have consented to the arrangement, the understanding is said to have been closed. When the understanding has been closed, the President sends the equivalent to the Senate joined by; Letter of transmittal Letter of Submittal gave by the Secretary of State Letter from Secretary of State laying out the foundation of the dealings and a point by point clarification of the arrangements of the understanding. On the off chance that it is affirmed, the equivalent is sent to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for hearing and if there should be an occurrence of endorsement Senate Executive Report is sent alongside warning suggestions and assent. This report incorporates the accompanying; Informative material At the point when the said report gets the endorsement of full Senate, i.e., two-third votes, the equivalent is sent back to the President. At the point when the report is sent back to the President, it is went with the goals of assent and exhortation. The equivalent is then sent by the President to the Secretary of State. After receipt of the over the Secretary of State readies the instrument of confirmation. The instrument of sanction is then sent back to the President, who signs the equivalent, and the arrangement is declared. After the declaration, the arrangement is kept with the designated storehouse. After the fulfillment of the above advances, it might be said that a settlement has appeared, and the United States is involved with the said arrangement. The bargain might be said to have come into power. The United Nations principally plans to disallow the individuals from utilizing power. The United Nations Charter under Article 2(4) has set out that the part states must cease from utilizing power or taking steps to utilize power against political sway or regional veracity of any state or inferable from such purposes that are conflicting with the reasons for the United Nations. The said arrangement limits the utilization of military. The Charter doesn't set out the level or the measure of power that is taboo, accordingly even the insignificant infringement of confinements is prohibited. Article 51 just permits the utilization of power with the end goal of self-preservation, in instances of outfitted assaults except if suitable measures have been taken by the Council. Certain prerequisites have been set out on account of Caroline, which must be met as respects an assault. The premier prerequisite is that the risk of assault must be fast approaching. In this way, according to this standard, utilization of power in self-preservation is allowed just when such use is essential, and furthermore the degree of power to be utilized for self-protection should be proportionate. Utilization of power is allowed distinctly regarding an equipped assault in the case of progressing or up and coming. The inborn right to self-preservation as perceived under Article 51 of the Charter shapes a prohibition to the general standard set down under Article2(4). The outfitted assault necessitates that the aggressor must mean to assault. The instance of Oil Platform might be refered to in such manner. The ICJ set out the need of this prerequisite while deciding if the activities of Iran were especially expected towards the United States or whether Iran explicitly proposed to hurt the vessels of the United States. This perspective on the ICJ is censured as being contrary to the principles of global law. An equipped assault s really an assault pointed by one State coordinated towards another. While rendering warning conclusion with respect to eth lawful outcomes of building a divider in the involved region of Palestine the ICJ mentioned objective facts such that the privilege to self-protection emerges just in instances of assault from an outside region towards the shielding state under Article 51 of the Charter. Again according to the arrangements of Article 51, power is allowed to be utilized for self protection just on the off chance that such power is important to end an assault. Therefore, power may possibly be utilized when all accessible serene methods for consummation the assault have been depleted, or none of such measures is accessible. The prerequisite of need is natural for the law of self-protection. A state is allowed to utilize power in regard of self-preservation just when the assault is fast approaching. The term impending methods, there is no selection of means or overpowering. There must be a circumstance of lost crisis. The privilege to self-preservation must be practiced to the degree it is relative to the risk of unavoidable threat. In this way, just such measure of power must be utilized as is important to end the danger. The General Assembly has likewise received different goals in order to encourage the counteraction of the utilization of power. These goals incorporate the accompanying; The Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes The Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Refraining from Threat or Use of Force in International Relations The Declaration on the Prevention and Removal of Disputes and Situations which may Threaten International Peace and Security on the Role of the United Nations in this field The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (likewise alluded to as the TPP) is an expected territorial facilitated commerce understanding among specific nations of the Pacific Rim with respect to different issues concerning financial arrangement. The taking an interest nations are; United States, Chile, New Zealand, Brunei, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Peru, Vietnam, Japan, Mexico and Canada. The TPP is an expansion of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (additionally alluded to as the TPSEP). Till date 19 rounds of exchanges with respect to the TPP has been held. The arrangements of the understanding have been stayed quiet; notwithstanding, not many arrangements have been spilled. The TPP dealings were started by the United States. The TPP points the accompanying; Evacuation of duties on administrations and merchandise It covers a wide scope of administrations and products, similar to media transmission administrations, monetary administrations and furthermore sanitation administrations. Experts of the Trans-Pacific Agreement The TPP means to support financial development just as well as fares. This perspective would be valuable for the taking an interest nations as it would offer ascent to new openings and success. It is assessed that the understanding can possibly signify $223 billion every year to the pay of the laborers in the taking an interest nations. The TPP arrangements likewise expect to address the non-duty boundaries to worldwide exchange, similar to prerequisites for import authorizing, and so on. The TPP nation would empower the specialist co-ops and providers of merchandise to gracefully administrations and items without setting up workplaces in all the taking part nations. The TPP would guarantee that the taking part nations carefully adhere to work laws and furthermore demoralization of such items and administrations that are created by constrained work. The TPP arrangements expect to handle the issues concerning unlawful logging, illicit practices received with respect to angling, illicit logging, and so on. The TPP tries to execute decides that guarantee decency of strategy as respects requirement of finishing law. Cons of the Trans-Pacific Agreement Undoubtedly, the TPP would cause extraordinary mischief. It is normal that the understanding would lessen the openness of the part nations to conventional prescriptions. It would give a bit of leeway to the enormous pharmaceutical organizations. The expenses of life-sparing medications would expand complex as an outcome of the said exchange understanding. It is normal that the TPP may succeed monetary guidelines. The TPP decides give that all issues emerging between the taking an interest nations would be managed by a global power known as speculator state question settlement process. No higher court would have any purview to such issues. The TPP would make it difficult to authorize neighborhood and national guidelines. It is likewise expected that the TPP would prompt pay imbalance. It is planned to just serve the interests of the well off. References Choi Cheol-youthful, 'THE LEGISLATIVE PARTICIPATION IN TREATY-MAKING PROCESS: KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES' (2009) 21 sungkyunkwanlawreview Klabbers J, 'Admission To The United Nations: Charter Article 4 And The Rise Of Universal Organization' (2010) 7 International Organizations Law Review Kunz J, 'Individual And Collective Self-Defense In Article 51 Of The Charter Of The United Nations' (1947) 41 The American Journal of International Law Lim C, Elms D and Low P, The Trans-Pacific Partnership (Cambridge University Press 2012) Nelson R, 'Authoritative Participation In The Treaty And Agreement Making Process' (1960) 13 Political Research Quarterly Diminishes K, 'Global Law And The Use Of Force' (2004) 4 QUT Law Review Petri P, Plummer M and Zhai F, The Trans-Pacific Partnership And Asia-Pacific Integration (Peterson Institute for International Economics 2012) Sols M, 'The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Can The United States Lead The Wa

Financial Adjustment for Asset Trade Between Subsidiaries - 1375 Words

Financial Adjustment for Asset Trade Between Subsidiaries (Coursework Sample) Content: Financial adjustment for asset trade between subsidiariesNameInstitutionAbstractFinancial accounting is often beset by balancing needs. This is especially true for subsidiaries of the same company in which case depreciable assets trade can neither be identified as a profit or loss. In this case, the consolidated financial accounting must be balanced to reflect neither a loss nor a gain, though this would be reflected in the individual subsidiary company financial books. In addition, the consolidated work sheet entries must address the assets depreciation.The paper presents the financial adjustments for depreciable asset trade between two subsidiaries. In particular, this paper addressed the principles applied in individual company and consolidated financial books adjustments for the trade and depreciation. The results show that despite the differences in subsidiary company financial records à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ to reflect the asset trade à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the consolidated financial records can be adjusted and balanced.Keywords: adjusted, consolidated, depreciable asset, financial records, subsidiaryFinancial adjustment for asset trade between subsidiariesIntroductionDepreciable assets are defined as tangible capital whose value depreciates over time (Christensen, Cottrell Baker, 2013). Within company operations there are occasions when one company has a surplus of depreciable assets and needs to dispose of them. In this case, they could sell the depreciable assets to a subsidiary with a cash transfer against the sale (Hussey, 2010). This situation presents a problem for the balancing of consolidated financial statements since the sale is an inter-corporate transfer and such transactions cannot be reflected in the consolidated financial statements. In fact, the effects of the transaction must be excluded from the financial statements. For that matter, the consolidated financial statements must be adjusted to eliminate the intercompany financial gains and losse s, and restore the asset to its original value (Whittington Delaney, 2011).Case presentationSapling, Inc. is a subsidiary of Fir Enterprises. In reference to that, Fir Enterprises owns a 95% stake in Sapling, Inc. On January 1, 20X8, Sapling, Inc. bought an industrial wood chipper from Fir Enterprises at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the Sapling had purchased the wood chipper at a cost $17,000 with its current book value standing at $8,000. In addition, the wood chipper was projected to have 4 years remaining in its lifespan at the end of which its salvage value would be $0. Given that (for all intents and purposes) the transactions for the wood chipper occurred between conglomerated companies, the transactions would be treated as depreciable asset transactions. With regards to this, unique financial entries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ for the wood chipper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ would be reflected in the purchasing company, selling company and consolidated financial statements (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 201 1; Maynard, 2013).Question 1: Sapling, Inc. financial entries to reflect the purchase of the wood chipperSapling, Inc. bought the wood chipper at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the financial book entries for the company on January 1, 20X8, would reflect a wood chipper worth $10,000 being added into the company assets and $10,000 spent in purchasing the wood chipper. In addition, the financial accounts for the company would show that the asset depreciated by $1,000 resulting in an accumulated depreciation value of $1,000 as at December 31, 20X8 (see table 1) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1. Sapling, Inc. financial account book entries in the year of purchase (20x8)Date Financial account book entries for Sapling, Inc. purchase of wood chipper from Fir Enterprises on January 1, 20X8 01/01/20X8 Wood chipper cost $10,000 01/01/20X8 Cash spent to purchase the wood chipper $10,000 Financial account book entries to record depreciation of wood chipper on the year of purchase (January 1, 20X8 to December 31, 20X8) 12/31/20X8 Depreciation expense for the wood chipper $1,000 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $1,000 Question 2: Fir enterprises financial entries to reflect the sale of the wood chipperFir Enterprises sold the wood chipper at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the financial book entries for the company on January 1, 20X8, would reflect cash sale for wood chipper at $10,000. In addition, the accumulated depreciation would stand at $9,000, of which the initial asset purchase cost stood at $17,000 and the gain on sale of the wood chipper stood at $2,000. These entries were made for January 1, 20X8 (see table 2) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2. Fir Enterprise financial account book entries in the year of sale (20X8)Date Financial account book entries to record the sale of the wood chipper to Sapling, Inc. on 01/01/20X8 01/01/20X8 Cash to be received upon sale of the wood chipper $10,000 01/01/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $9,000 01/01/20X8 Wood chipper $17,000 01/01/20X8 Gain on sale of wood chipper $2,000 Question 3: Consolidated worksheet adjusting entries for the year 20X8The consolidated financial entries would reflect the balanced transactions for the two companies for the year 20X8, since Sapling, Inc. is a subsidiary of Fir Enterprises. In this case, there was a $2,000 gain in the sale of the wood chipper and $7,000 gain in the wood chipper. Conversely, there was an accumulated depreciation value of $9,000. These financial book entries eliminated the unrealized gain and restored the wood chipper to its original cost. On the other hand, the accumulated depreciation for the wood chipper stands at $5,000 in which case the depreciation expense is $5,000 (see table 3) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3. Consolidated financial account book entries for 20X8Date Consolidated financial account book entries t o remove the unrealized gain and restore asset to its original historical cost 12/31/20X8 Gain on the sale of wood chipper $2,000 12/31/20X8 Wood chipper $7,000 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $9,000 Consolidated financial account book entries to eliminate excess depreciation based on the subsidiary's transfer price 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $5,000 12/31/20X8 Depreciation expense $5,000 Question 4: Consolidated worksheet entries to address depreciation at the end of 20X9The worksheet adjustment value for the wood chipper is calculated as $7,000. In this case, the difference between the consolidated record of $17,000 and the individual record at $10,000. Based on the asset entries, the accumulated depreciation, on December 31, 20X9, stands -$11,000 for the consolidated records, -$8,000 for the individual records and -$3,000 for the worksheet adjustment. For that matter, the original accumulated depreciation is $9,000 and the seller depreciation expense is $2,000 f or 20X8 and 20X9. In addition, the depreciation expense for the individual records stand at $1,000, consolidated records stand at $6,000 and the worksheet adjustment stands at $5,000. This would also include $5,000 in the individual records, $6,000 in the consolidated records and $1,000 in the worksheet adjustment to reflect a gain of $2,000 less the first year depreciation value of $1,000 (see table 4) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4. Consolidated worksheet adjustment entries to address the impact of annual depreciation as recorded in the purchasing subsidiary's financial books for the year 20X9Account Individual records Consolidated records Worksheet adjustment Explanation Wood chipper 12/31/... Financial Adjustment for Asset Trade Between Subsidiaries - 1375 Words Financial Adjustment for Asset Trade Between Subsidiaries (Coursework Sample) Content: Financial adjustment for asset trade between subsidiariesNameInstitutionAbstractFinancial accounting is often beset by balancing needs. This is especially true for subsidiaries of the same company in which case depreciable assets trade can neither be identified as a profit or loss. In this case, the consolidated financial accounting must be balanced to reflect neither a loss nor a gain, though this would be reflected in the individual subsidiary company financial books. In addition, the consolidated work sheet entries must address the assets depreciation.The paper presents the financial adjustments for depreciable asset trade between two subsidiaries. In particular, this paper addressed the principles applied in individual company and consolidated financial books adjustments for the trade and depreciation. The results show that despite the differences in subsidiary company financial records à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ to reflect the asset trade à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the consolidated financial records can be adjusted and balanced.Keywords: adjusted, consolidated, depreciable asset, financial records, subsidiaryFinancial adjustment for asset trade between subsidiariesIntroductionDepreciable assets are defined as tangible capital whose value depreciates over time (Christensen, Cottrell Baker, 2013). Within company operations there are occasions when one company has a surplus of depreciable assets and needs to dispose of them. In this case, they could sell the depreciable assets to a subsidiary with a cash transfer against the sale (Hussey, 2010). This situation presents a problem for the balancing of consolidated financial statements since the sale is an inter-corporate transfer and such transactions cannot be reflected in the consolidated financial statements. In fact, the effects of the transaction must be excluded from the financial statements. For that matter, the consolidated financial statements must be adjusted to eliminate the intercompany financial gains and losse s, and restore the asset to its original value (Whittington Delaney, 2011).Case presentationSapling, Inc. is a subsidiary of Fir Enterprises. In reference to that, Fir Enterprises owns a 95% stake in Sapling, Inc. On January 1, 20X8, Sapling, Inc. bought an industrial wood chipper from Fir Enterprises at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the Sapling had purchased the wood chipper at a cost $17,000 with its current book value standing at $8,000. In addition, the wood chipper was projected to have 4 years remaining in its lifespan at the end of which its salvage value would be $0. Given that (for all intents and purposes) the transactions for the wood chipper occurred between conglomerated companies, the transactions would be treated as depreciable asset transactions. With regards to this, unique financial entries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ for the wood chipper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ would be reflected in the purchasing company, selling company and consolidated financial statements (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 201 1; Maynard, 2013).Question 1: Sapling, Inc. financial entries to reflect the purchase of the wood chipperSapling, Inc. bought the wood chipper at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the financial book entries for the company on January 1, 20X8, would reflect a wood chipper worth $10,000 being added into the company assets and $10,000 spent in purchasing the wood chipper. In addition, the financial accounts for the company would show that the asset depreciated by $1,000 resulting in an accumulated depreciation value of $1,000 as at December 31, 20X8 (see table 1) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1. Sapling, Inc. financial account book entries in the year of purchase (20x8)Date Financial account book entries for Sapling, Inc. purchase of wood chipper from Fir Enterprises on January 1, 20X8 01/01/20X8 Wood chipper cost $10,000 01/01/20X8 Cash spent to purchase the wood chipper $10,000 Financial account book entries to record depreciation of wood chipper on the year of purchase (January 1, 20X8 to December 31, 20X8) 12/31/20X8 Depreciation expense for the wood chipper $1,000 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $1,000 Question 2: Fir enterprises financial entries to reflect the sale of the wood chipperFir Enterprises sold the wood chipper at a cost of $10,000. In this case, the financial book entries for the company on January 1, 20X8, would reflect cash sale for wood chipper at $10,000. In addition, the accumulated depreciation would stand at $9,000, of which the initial asset purchase cost stood at $17,000 and the gain on sale of the wood chipper stood at $2,000. These entries were made for January 1, 20X8 (see table 2) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2. Fir Enterprise financial account book entries in the year of sale (20X8)Date Financial account book entries to record the sale of the wood chipper to Sapling, Inc. on 01/01/20X8 01/01/20X8 Cash to be received upon sale of the wood chipper $10,000 01/01/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $9,000 01/01/20X8 Wood chipper $17,000 01/01/20X8 Gain on sale of wood chipper $2,000 Question 3: Consolidated worksheet adjusting entries for the year 20X8The consolidated financial entries would reflect the balanced transactions for the two companies for the year 20X8, since Sapling, Inc. is a subsidiary of Fir Enterprises. In this case, there was a $2,000 gain in the sale of the wood chipper and $7,000 gain in the wood chipper. Conversely, there was an accumulated depreciation value of $9,000. These financial book entries eliminated the unrealized gain and restored the wood chipper to its original cost. On the other hand, the accumulated depreciation for the wood chipper stands at $5,000 in which case the depreciation expense is $5,000 (see table 3) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3. Consolidated financial account book entries for 20X8Date Consolidated financial account book entries t o remove the unrealized gain and restore asset to its original historical cost 12/31/20X8 Gain on the sale of wood chipper $2,000 12/31/20X8 Wood chipper $7,000 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $9,000 Consolidated financial account book entries to eliminate excess depreciation based on the subsidiary's transfer price 12/31/20X8 Accumulated depreciation $5,000 12/31/20X8 Depreciation expense $5,000 Question 4: Consolidated worksheet entries to address depreciation at the end of 20X9The worksheet adjustment value for the wood chipper is calculated as $7,000. In this case, the difference between the consolidated record of $17,000 and the individual record at $10,000. Based on the asset entries, the accumulated depreciation, on December 31, 20X9, stands -$11,000 for the consolidated records, -$8,000 for the individual records and -$3,000 for the worksheet adjustment. For that matter, the original accumulated depreciation is $9,000 and the seller depreciation expense is $2,000 f or 20X8 and 20X9. In addition, the depreciation expense for the individual records stand at $1,000, consolidated records stand at $6,000 and the worksheet adjustment stands at $5,000. This would also include $5,000 in the individual records, $6,000 in the consolidated records and $1,000 in the worksheet adjustment to reflect a gain of $2,000 less the first year depreciation value of $1,000 (see table 4) (Fischer, Tayler Cheng, 2011; Maynard, 2013).Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4. Consolidated worksheet adjustment entries to address the impact of annual depreciation as recorded in the purchasing subsidiary's financial books for the year 20X9Account Individual records Consolidated records Worksheet adjustment Explanation Wood chipper 12/31/...

What Are The Moral And Ethical Issues Facing Gary

The Blue Spider Project Submitted to: Dr. Sheryl L. Hodges Submitted by: Tejaswi Materla 1) What are the moral and ethical issues facing Gary? Open communications, honesty, and integrity in dealing with customers, truth in negotiations, and factual status reporting are some of the critical factors that affect the project execution . There was no open communication between Gary, and Lord Industries or the functional managers regarding the project phase updates. The project started with dishonesty during the RFP regarding the technical specifications such as the operating temperature ( design) limits of the components of the Spartan missile (which clearly did not meet client specifications). This was the major moral and ethical issue Gary faced. Gary accepted the position of the Program Manager even though he knew that Henry Gable expected him to be dishonest and manipulative regarding the project. However as the project progressed, Gary faced issues communicating with the client regarding the new material JXB-3 introduced by Paul Evans and Henry Gable. Gary also faced a major problem when the accelerated aging tests performe d on the new materials were not according to the client expectations; and he was scared to tell anyone about that disaster. Gary was not an experienced program manager and it seemed like he was merely a puppet in Henry Gable’s hands; which did not allow him to maintain open communication and honesty during the project. 2) What happens when a situationShow MoreRelatedBlue Spider Case Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages1) If you were Gary Anderson would you have accepted this project after the director stated that it would be his baby all the way? Despite Henry Gable’s very apparent shadiness I would probably have taken the project too due to the backing that the project has. 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The Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald - 1558 Words

Nick presents himself in way that can persuade the readers that he is an honest, true individual in the beginning. He demonstrates that he is the innocent bystander who is simply just observing everyone around him, and describes himself as â€Å"one of the few most honest people that I have ever known† (Fitzgerald 59). He is immensely charismatic and can make friends with almost everyone, therefore his narration can be described as unbiased and he seems to be merely telling the story as it is. He begins the novel as stating that â€Å"In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I ve been turning over in my mind ever since. Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, he told me, just remember that all the people†¦show more content†¦This displays that the Nick, the seemingly neutral storyteller is now more tolerant towards Gatsby, compared to the others. This creates an issue for the readers because it means that Nick is not telling the story the way it really is, and speaking in favour of Gatsby. This is an example of how the readers do not truly know who Nick Caraway is and uncover more information about his personality towards the end of the novel. It proves that Nick’s character is extremely vital because his opinions shape how the story will unfold, and that his opinions affect how the story will be told. Nicks judgments begin to show in a negative way towards Jordan, and his drinking habits begin to show considering him as inconsiderate. Clearly Nick does not have the intentions of getting into a serious relationship or get married with Jordan yet he still spends his time with her. It is quite careless of him to spend his time with a woman whom he does not want to be with, especially if he is not truly fond of her. He calls her a †¦ rotten driver†¦either you ought to be more careful or you oughtn t to drive at all. (Fitzgerald) Nick is judging Jordan negatively by calling her a rotten driver which seems peculiar, since Nick never portrayed himself to speak so rudely to others,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1302 Words   |  6 Pagestwo texts â€Å"The Great Gatsby† (Scott F. Fitzgerald), and the acclaimed poem â€Å"19† (W. H. Auden), as proven by the use of green light, the role of religion and strong imagery in society and analysis of the lives of those both lavished alongside those who possess only their pity for one’s self. Firstly, Green is represented in The Great Gatsby as a symbol of Gatsby’s unacquainted love for Daisy and its meaning of hope considering it is where she resides at the time. To Gatsby the green lightRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility, thusly giving the lower class hope of social mobility and economic success. Two tales written during this era epitomize the American Dream through lower class protagonists who find financial fortune. The first is The Great Gatsby, written by Scott F. Fitzgerald in the midst of this extreme social hierarchy he witnessed in 1920’s New York. Secondly, Stella Dallas: originally a novel by Olive Higgins Prouty which was adapted into the 1937 film of the same name; directed by King Vidor. HoweverRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald906 Words   |  4 Pagesthis earth. In the Great Gatsby, by Thomas F. Fitzgerald, having a large sum of money just isn’t enough. In this nove l, money symbolizes a social evil and it corrupts people with wealth and ultimately destroys their life. Desire is an unavoidable instinct of human nature. This instinctive behavior will continue whether or not the person fulfills their initial desire. Our desires are proportionate to the possessions we own and accumulate over time. In the Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby follows his dreamsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Fitzgerald1296 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Gatsby Told by Nick Caraway, and written by Scott F. Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby is a classic novel that gives readers a glimpse inside the lives of the wealthy during the roaring 20s. The story follows the lives of Jay Gatsby, a man of new money, Daisy Buchanan, a married girl of old money, and Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s deceitful husband. Jay Gatsby is a man of mystery, with seemly unlimited funds, who throws ridiculous outrageous parties for no apparent reason. It’s learned that he hasRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fit zgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new American culture build around that

Text and Tradition-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.The question asks you to explain how Virginia Woolf's short story disagrees with certain cultural value. 2.This question is about Freuds concept of the unconscious, and you need to explain it, and relate it to Enlightenment thinking. 3.This question asks about certain similarities and differences between Rousseau and Virginia Woolf 4.Choosing two or more texts from the unit, you are asked to discuss the value of autonomy in modernity. Answers: 1.Virginia Woolfs short story has gone through a lot of criticism due to its misconduct and lack of cultural values in her stories. She had put an end to the traditional methods of story writing and became a modern writer. All her work showed some sense of sensuality and different types of thoughts that keep coming in the mind of people from time to time. She is often considered as a lesbian writer because of the lesbian based theme in her short stories (Bowlby, 2016). These types of stories were not accepted at that time and even today. This has put Virginia Woolfs short stories under various types of criticism for degrading the values and culture of the society. She was a feminist writer that focused on the power of women in the society. In her books, show criticized the culture of the society for treating women badly and making them deprived of all things. She criticized the culture that lead to deprivation of womens emotions and responses. In her books, she stated the condition o f the society in the First World War led to deprivation in cultures and value. At that time women did not held much importance in the society and they were the one that suffers during wars. This is due to cultural values in the society. Most of her books and stories are related to feminism and the condition of women due to lack in culture. Her stories supported women, which the society did not do at that time. Women were not accepted in the society and in any work at that time. Moreover, they were the one that suffered the most during war and any other situation (Squier, 2017). This was discussed in her stories that showed the backward behavior of people and rules of various cultures to treat women differently 2.Sigmund Freud has given importance to the concept of unconscious mind. The primary assumption of his theory was that unconscious mind regulates the behavior of human being to a large extent than human beings suspect. The main goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious mind conscious. Freud has described the unconscious process as the real cause of all behavior. This part acts as a cauldron or repository of all kinds of primitive impulses and wishes which are kept at the bay and thus they are mediated by the preconscious area (Ewen, 2014). An example can be cited where Freud found that there are certain desires and events which are considered frightening and painful for the patients to accept. He also believed that this kind of information would be locked in the unconscious mind. This entire process can happen through repression. Freud developed such a cycle in which the ideas are repressed in the first stage but they remain in the mind and are removed from consciousness. How ever, they reappear in the consciousness stage after some time (Lichtenberg, Lachmann Fosshage, 2016). This postulation was based on the investigation of traumatic hysteria and thus it revealed certain cases where the behavior of the patients cannot be explained properly without referring to the thoughts and ideas of which they were not aware of. According to Freud, dreams are considered as the royal road to unconsciousness. They provide access to the unconscious life and illustrate the logic behind certain conscious thoughts. The ideals of positivism, enlightenment and rationalism can be achieved through mastering, understanding and transforming the unconscious mind rather than repressing or denying it. Thus, it can be said that Freud has denoted the concept of unconsciousness as the mental process of repression and they can be organized by certain principles which are different from the conscious mind (Mannoni, 2015).. 3.The major difference between Rousseau and Woolf was that Rousseau was a influential writer that projected philosophical work and Woolf on the other hand was a Fiction writer that projected feminism in the her work. Woolf mainly writes short stories in her books and on the other hand, Rousseau writes novels about philosophical stories. Rousseau started to write and present its writing in 1750 and Woolf on the other hand became a professional writer in the year 1900. This shows that Rousseau and Woolf were writers of different century having different thoughts. The first novel that Woolf published was on 1915 in the name of The Voyage Out which mainly consisted of fiction stories and about powering the status of women in the society (Richter, 2015). On the other hand, the first novel of Rousseau was published in 1750 in the name of Discourse on the Arts and Sciences which mainly consisted works of art and sciences. However, both the writers also hand some kind of similarities in thei r work. Both Rousseau and Woolf are considered as modern writers of their time in which Rousseau writes about modern philosophy and Woolf writes about feminism of modern society. Further it is seen that both the writer have received criticism for their writing from the society. Rousseau faced disputes against his thoughts about the philosophy of enlightenment that it portrayed in his work (O'Hagan, 2017). Virginia Woolf on the other hand received criticism because of supporting women in the society and was mostly considered as lesbian writers. Lastly, the views of both the writers also matched on the ground that both of them criticized the culture and problems that existed in the society. Rousseau discussed about the discourse that existed in the society such as inequality and politics. Woolf criticized the culture and values of the society for treating women badly. 4.Autonomy is such an idea which refers to the capacity of an individual person to lead his life according to the motives and reasons which are due to the result of external forces or the product of manipulation. It is regarded as the main value in the tradition of moral philosophy but it has also gained fundamental status in Mills theory of utilitarian liberalism. The various concepts of autonomy helps in figuring out the debates in the education policy, legal rights and freedoms, biomedical ethics, moral and political theory. Autonomy is also regarded as the central value that can be compared with the alternative frameworks such as utilitarianism, ethics of certain kinds and ethics of different kinds of virtue. Although autonomy is related to independence, but it reflects the assumptions of individualism in different kinds of moral thinking and political status of different kinds of designation (Delanty, 2013). Autonomy also attaches paradigmatically to the individual person or cer tain groups of people. It is related to the grounds of basic rights and thus is connected to moral responsibility. It reflects wholly on an individual to reject or accept the values of an individual, self-defining features, connections and many more. For example, the language that is used in reflection is considered as a social product and it is associated with various cultural forms. Autonomy also connects social support and recognition of the capacities for self-respect, self-esteem and self-trust. It requires the ability of an individual to act effectively according to ones values. The social conditions hamper the enjoyment of capacities and helps in the rejection of certain principles of social justice. Autonomy, thus is related to the reflective choice which has operated in the establishment of different kinds of legitimacy and it is related to the non-foundational concepts of justice. The individual rights and freedom, various privileges and protections which are associated wi th autonomy are guided by principles of justice in this approach (O'brien, 2013). References Bowlby, R. (Ed.). (2016).Virginia Woolf. Routledge. Delanty, G. (2013).Social theory in a changing world: Conceptions of modernity. John Wiley Sons. Ewen, R. (2014).An introduction to theories of personality. Psychology Press. Lichtenberg, J. D., Lachmann, F. M., Fosshage, J. L. (2016).Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique(Vol. 13). Routledge. Mannoni, O. (2015).Freud: The theory of the unconscious. Verso Books. O'brien, D. (2013).Cultural policy: Management, value and modernity in the creative industries. Routledge. O'Hagan, T. (Ed.). (2017).Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Routledge. Richter, H. (2015).Virginia Woolf: The Inward Voyage. Princeton University Press. Squier, S. M. (2017).Virginia Woolf and London: The sexual politics of the city. UNC Press Books.

The roles of Malvolio and Sir Toby in Twelfth Night Essay Example For Students

The roles of Malvolio and Sir Toby in Twelfth Night Essay In Twelfth Night, the contrasting roles of Malvolio and Sir Toby Belch help the play develop to the fullest possible extent. In one respect, the two characters work as purely comedic players, bringing joy to the audience in the form of drunkenness and pranks. But beyond the lighter surface of the play lies a deeper meaning: Toby and Malvolio have very different views of life. The divergent appearance of these two figures gives the viewer of the play a standard by which to judge the other characters, and in so doing makes the play easier to follow. Malvolio embodies the complex side of an average person, while Sir Toby represents the simple, easily amused side of humanity. Malvolio’s role in this respect is more difficult to comprehend; he deceives himself into thinking that Olivia is in love with him, thereby contributing to his own misery. These aspects of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night contribute to the realistic portrayal of each character, while at the same time bringing out the play’s comedic overtones. Malvolio brings a powerful presence to the play when he is forced to play the fool. We will write a custom essay on The roles of Malvolio and Sir Toby in Twelfth Night specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He who at one point defined the word puritan now finds himself in a new role: that of a cross-gartered lover. In this way, he shows himself to be a hypocrite: he â€Å"lowers himself† to the level of Toby when he becomes a player himself. Maurice Charney describes the role of Malvolio quite well, saying: â€Å"The most obvious effect of this structure is to focus attention upon Malvolio and to make him a central figure at every stage. †(Charney, 160) He tries to step into an entirely different realm, one of mastership over servantry. He is socially inferior to Olivia, causing his hopes to be looked at as mere presumptions. What Malvolio fails to see is that his marriage to Olivia should be dismissed as nothing more than a dream of power (Malcolmson, 36). Sir Toby displays the characteristics of a comedic role as well. In some cases, he livens up the play with purely sophomoric phrases. He professes characteristics of what some may call â€Å"dumb wit†. C. L. Barber makes the point very clear when she says: â€Å"Sir Toby is witty without being as alert as Sir John; he does not need to be:† (Barber, 24) Olivia: Cousin, cousin, how have you come so early by this lethargy? Toby: Lechery? I defy lechery! There’s one at the gate. Olivia: Ay, marry, what is he? Toby: Let him be the devil if he will. I care not! Give me faith, say I. Well, it’s all one. (I. v. 131-137) Swaying in the same direction, Toby tends to stress the â€Å"lower† aspects of the body rather than the â€Å"higher† ones. He partakes in â€Å"gentlemanly liberty† (Charney, 161), living the life that he feels will lead to greater happiness now rather than later. This philosophy brings a lot of laughable moments to the play (Barber, 250). Apart from this philosophy, Sir Toby begins to develop a taste for the â€Å"sport† of prank playing. In one of the play’s most ironically amusing moments, Olivia commisions Toby, one of the prank’s key players, to cure Malvolio of his insanity. Toby decides to take his new found hobby to another level by baiting Sir Andrew and Cesario into what may be loosely defined as a â€Å"fight† (Ornstein, 165). Like Malvolio’s stance on life, Toby’s approach to life brings yet another outlet for comedy to the play. In their conflicting quests for power and comedy, though, Malvolio and Toby do more than make the play funny. They also modify other characters in regard to love and longing. .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .postImageUrl , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:hover , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:visited , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:active { border:0!important; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:active , .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u365a3dad257372225c0b7ec21a289b4a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep An Essay For Macbeth EssayIn terms of love, the sentiments of Malvolio and Sir Toby violently oppose each other, and in that right help the viewer of the play to understand the world of Shakespeare’s fabrication. In the words of Maurice Charney, â€Å"Shakespeare’s world doubles or mirrors our own world. † (Charney, 161) In this respect, the figures of Malvolio and Sir Toby may represent the different sides of love as seen through the eyes of various characters; the vast degree of difference in views between the two characters aids in emphasizing the feelings and intentions of other characters. For example, Malvolio parallels Cesario because both are servants that would give their all to be wed to their masters. Malvolio also helps to modify Duke Orsino, because, as phrased best by Christina Malcolmson, â€Å"Both are self-absorbed men for whom mastery consists in the exercise of power at the expense of the consideration of others. † (Malcolmson, 37-38) In the same fashion, but on a very different level, the size of Sir Toby’s gut coexists on the same plane as the Duke’s expansive desire for love (Bloom, 142). Such is the case in the play’s opening words, when the Duke says: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it; that surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die (I. i. 1-3) These relationships push the play along, giving the viewer a level on which to connect with each of the players. But while Sir Toby does play quite an important role in the modification of other characters, his character lacks the deep, involved misery withheld by Malvolio. Malvolio’s mind works differently from any other Shakespearean player, spawning his own misery with its own natural tendency to deceive itself. Bertrand Evans deftly remarked on this in her book, Shakespeare’s Comedies, writing: â€Å"Malvolio is self-deceived up until the moment when he picks up the letter, when his own gaudiness lights the fire of the prank. † (Evans, 131) In a manner of speaking, Malvolio is in a haze of his bad judgment; if he were able to recognize his own flaws, he could become a better balanced man, but still he lies in his own single-mindedness. In denying such petty things as â€Å"cakes and ale†, he is at the same time shutting out what Maurice Charney calls the â€Å"second oral world of drama† which represents a sizable part of real life (Charney, 161). Conceptually, this serves to give the viewer of the play a reason to get emotionally involved on both sides of Sir Toby’s pranks, as opposed to seeing only the comedic side. Olivia stresses this point from her point of view in the fourth act, declaring: I am as mad as he (Malvolio), If sad and merry madness equal be. (IV. iv. 15-16) Olivia knows how hurt Malvolio will be upon seeing that the whole of the situation is a hoax, helping the beholder of the play to better understand the tender side of Olivia. Consequently, it is obvious that Malvolio is interested in doing the things that he stands so firmly against, because none of the pranks would have had any effect on him unless he were interested in making love to Olivia. In conclusion, the other characters of Twelfth Night would not be as clearly understood if Mavolio and Sir Toby had not been as all-encompassing as they were. Malvolio modifies the dangerously self-absorbed side of each character, while Sir Toby modifies each player’s lighter, happier overtones. The standard that the two stellar characters give the spectator helps the play run more smoothly, and leaves nothing to be desired in terms of cleanliness and clarity. Toby’s tricks and Malvolio’s awkwardly worded speech add comedy, while the more elaborate side of Malvolio makes the viewer try to understand what is going on inside his head. Every frame of reference upheld by Toby and Malvolio urges the play’s spectators to get more involved in the play, and keeps them amused Toby’s pranks and Malvolio’s clumsiness.

A Guide to Abbreviations

A Guide to Abbreviations A Guide to Abbreviations A Guide to Abbreviations By Mark Nichol Abbreviations are a sometimes necessary evil, but with the power to employ them comes great responsibility. This post outlines types of abbreviations and associated guidelines. An abbreviation is a shortening of a word or phrase, either by truncation or by abridgement by way of using only the first letter of each word of the term in turn (though sometimes more than the first letter is included, and occasionally, in the interest of creating an easily pronounceable abbreviation, one or more words are not represented). In the case of truncation, a word is whittled down to the first letter or first several letters, or the first and last letters (and sometimes others). Thus, L or R might be used in place of left or right as a directional indicating positioning of people, place, or things in a caption for a photograph or other figure. Job titles are often abbreviated to the first few letters of a word as in military ranks (major and gen. for major and general) and political offices (sen. and rep. for senator and representative). Exceptions in the former category include sgt. for sergeant and capt. for captain. In American English, abbreviations for social titles usually reduce a word to its first and last letters, followed by a period, as in the case of Mr. and Dr., and common abbreviations follow this form (as in the case of hr. for hour, though the abbreviations for second and minute are the truncations sec. and min.). Two other types of abbreviation are the acronym and the initialism. In both categories, a string of words is reduced to (usually) the first letter of each word; the distinction is that an acronym, as the element -onym (Greek for â€Å"name† or â€Å"word†) indicates, is pronounced as a word, as in the case of NASA, whereas an initialism, as the name suggests, is sounded out letter by letter, as in FBI. Most people are not aware of (or do not give any thought to) the distinction, but it is important in this sense. Because acronyms are treated as words, they are not preceded by an article (one writes â€Å"NASA was established in 1958,† not â€Å"The NASA was established in 1958†); by contrast, an article precedes an initialism (as in â€Å"The FBI launched the investigation in January,† not â€Å"FBI launched the investigation in January†). Exceptions occur when an acronym is used adjectivally (â€Å"The NASA project is underway†) and in periodical headlines (â€Å"FBI Launches Investigation†). In American English, acronyms and initialisms are often distinguished by styling the former in small caps and the latter in full-size capital letters, though abbreviations of more than four letters are often, after long usage as capitalized terms, treated as regular words, as in the case of Nasdaq, a proper noun (an abbreviation of â€Å"National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations†) and radar (from â€Å"radio detection and ranging†). Unfamiliar acronyms and initialisms are usually introduced to readers in parentheses immediately after the first reference to the entity by its full name, after which the abbreviation alone is sufficient (or the abbreviation is simply used after the first reference without the parenthetical signal, as long as the next reference appears soon after the first one), but common abbreviations need no such introduction. However, whether an abbreviation is considered transparent or otherwise is up to a specific publication or publisher to decide, based on its readership’s familiarity with the term. (Companies should keep a record of such usage in a house style guide; see also this post.) Another consideration, though, is to avoid cluttering a piece of writing with numerous abbreviations, which smacks of jargon. If a term is used only occasionally, it may be better to spell it out in each case. Another strategy to avoid frequent repetition of acronyms or initialisms is to sometimes replace the term with a generic reference such as â€Å"the agency,† â€Å"the law,† â€Å"the program,† and so on. Writers should avoid redundancy in using acronyms and initialisms, where widespread usage obscures the wording of the phrase from which the abbreviation is formed, so that reference is too often made to, for example, ATM machines (the M stands for machine) and PIN numbers (number is represented by the N). â€Æ' A variation of use of acronyms is syllabic abbreviation, in which terms consist of parts of, or one or more syllables of, one or more words; examples include Interpol (â€Å"international police†) and nicknames for urban areas such as SoHo (denoting â€Å"south of Houston Street†) in New York City. In general, lowercase abbreviations include periods (as in the case of i.e., a.m., and m.p.h.), and uppercase abbreviations omit them (as with MD, US, and ABC). However, specialized publications, especially those pertaining to science and technology, often do not use periods in either case, and note that shorthand for metric terms is considered a system of symbols rather than abbreviations, so periods are never used with cm (centimeter) or kg (kilogram), for example. Certain treatments of initials in names are treated differently in some publications: According to The Chicago Manual of Style, the style guide of record for most book publishers and many publications, a letter space should separate two or more initials in a name, as in A. B. See. However, the Associated Press Style Book avoids spaces when possible, including in names. Initials used in lieu of an entire name, such as those for famous politicians and other public figures, are universally formatted without spaces or periods, as in JFK and MLK. Most publications and publishers do not use apostrophes when pluralizing an abbreviation, as in PCs and URLs. For some specialized terms, such as abbreviated terms for units of measure, no plural is indicated in the abbreviation (so, for example, lb. applies to one or more pounds); another exception is abbreviations in baseball: â€Å"Runs batted in,† for example, is abbreviated as RBI. Use of informal abbreviation (lulz and the like) has proliferated since the advent of online social media, but this trend has not been accepted into formal usage and should be avoided except in casual writing and in communication among family and friends. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†44 Resume Writing TipsFew vs. Several