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Questions: 1.The question asks you to explain how Virginia Woolf's short story disagrees with certain cultural value. 2.This question is about Freuds concept of the unconscious, and you need to explain it, and relate it to Enlightenment thinking. 3.This question asks about certain similarities and differences between Rousseau and Virginia Woolf 4.Choosing two or more texts from the unit, you are asked to discuss the value of autonomy in modernity. Answers: 1.Virginia Woolfs short story has gone through a lot of criticism due to its misconduct and lack of cultural values in her stories. She had put an end to the traditional methods of story writing and became a modern writer. All her work showed some sense of sensuality and different types of thoughts that keep coming in the mind of people from time to time. She is often considered as a lesbian writer because of the lesbian based theme in her short stories (Bowlby, 2016). These types of stories were not accepted at that time and even today. This has put Virginia Woolfs short stories under various types of criticism for degrading the values and culture of the society. She was a feminist writer that focused on the power of women in the society. In her books, show criticized the culture of the society for treating women badly and making them deprived of all things. She criticized the culture that lead to deprivation of womens emotions and responses. In her books, she stated the condition o f the society in the First World War led to deprivation in cultures and value. At that time women did not held much importance in the society and they were the one that suffers during wars. This is due to cultural values in the society. Most of her books and stories are related to feminism and the condition of women due to lack in culture. Her stories supported women, which the society did not do at that time. Women were not accepted in the society and in any work at that time. Moreover, they were the one that suffered the most during war and any other situation (Squier, 2017). This was discussed in her stories that showed the backward behavior of people and rules of various cultures to treat women differently 2.Sigmund Freud has given importance to the concept of unconscious mind. The primary assumption of his theory was that unconscious mind regulates the behavior of human being to a large extent than human beings suspect. The main goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious mind conscious. Freud has described the unconscious process as the real cause of all behavior. This part acts as a cauldron or repository of all kinds of primitive impulses and wishes which are kept at the bay and thus they are mediated by the preconscious area (Ewen, 2014). An example can be cited where Freud found that there are certain desires and events which are considered frightening and painful for the patients to accept. He also believed that this kind of information would be locked in the unconscious mind. This entire process can happen through repression. Freud developed such a cycle in which the ideas are repressed in the first stage but they remain in the mind and are removed from consciousness. How ever, they reappear in the consciousness stage after some time (Lichtenberg, Lachmann Fosshage, 2016). This postulation was based on the investigation of traumatic hysteria and thus it revealed certain cases where the behavior of the patients cannot be explained properly without referring to the thoughts and ideas of which they were not aware of. According to Freud, dreams are considered as the royal road to unconsciousness. They provide access to the unconscious life and illustrate the logic behind certain conscious thoughts. The ideals of positivism, enlightenment and rationalism can be achieved through mastering, understanding and transforming the unconscious mind rather than repressing or denying it. Thus, it can be said that Freud has denoted the concept of unconsciousness as the mental process of repression and they can be organized by certain principles which are different from the conscious mind (Mannoni, 2015).. 3.The major difference between Rousseau and Woolf was that Rousseau was a influential writer that projected philosophical work and Woolf on the other hand was a Fiction writer that projected feminism in the her work. Woolf mainly writes short stories in her books and on the other hand, Rousseau writes novels about philosophical stories. Rousseau started to write and present its writing in 1750 and Woolf on the other hand became a professional writer in the year 1900. This shows that Rousseau and Woolf were writers of different century having different thoughts. The first novel that Woolf published was on 1915 in the name of The Voyage Out which mainly consisted of fiction stories and about powering the status of women in the society (Richter, 2015). On the other hand, the first novel of Rousseau was published in 1750 in the name of Discourse on the Arts and Sciences which mainly consisted works of art and sciences. However, both the writers also hand some kind of similarities in thei r work. Both Rousseau and Woolf are considered as modern writers of their time in which Rousseau writes about modern philosophy and Woolf writes about feminism of modern society. Further it is seen that both the writer have received criticism for their writing from the society. Rousseau faced disputes against his thoughts about the philosophy of enlightenment that it portrayed in his work (O'Hagan, 2017). Virginia Woolf on the other hand received criticism because of supporting women in the society and was mostly considered as lesbian writers. Lastly, the views of both the writers also matched on the ground that both of them criticized the culture and problems that existed in the society. Rousseau discussed about the discourse that existed in the society such as inequality and politics. Woolf criticized the culture and values of the society for treating women badly. 4.Autonomy is such an idea which refers to the capacity of an individual person to lead his life according to the motives and reasons which are due to the result of external forces or the product of manipulation. It is regarded as the main value in the tradition of moral philosophy but it has also gained fundamental status in Mills theory of utilitarian liberalism. The various concepts of autonomy helps in figuring out the debates in the education policy, legal rights and freedoms, biomedical ethics, moral and political theory. Autonomy is also regarded as the central value that can be compared with the alternative frameworks such as utilitarianism, ethics of certain kinds and ethics of different kinds of virtue. Although autonomy is related to independence, but it reflects the assumptions of individualism in different kinds of moral thinking and political status of different kinds of designation (Delanty, 2013). Autonomy also attaches paradigmatically to the individual person or cer tain groups of people. It is related to the grounds of basic rights and thus is connected to moral responsibility. It reflects wholly on an individual to reject or accept the values of an individual, self-defining features, connections and many more. For example, the language that is used in reflection is considered as a social product and it is associated with various cultural forms. Autonomy also connects social support and recognition of the capacities for self-respect, self-esteem and self-trust. It requires the ability of an individual to act effectively according to ones values. The social conditions hamper the enjoyment of capacities and helps in the rejection of certain principles of social justice. Autonomy, thus is related to the reflective choice which has operated in the establishment of different kinds of legitimacy and it is related to the non-foundational concepts of justice. The individual rights and freedom, various privileges and protections which are associated wi th autonomy are guided by principles of justice in this approach (O'brien, 2013). References Bowlby, R. (Ed.). (2016).Virginia Woolf. Routledge. Delanty, G. (2013).Social theory in a changing world: Conceptions of modernity. John Wiley Sons. Ewen, R. (2014).An introduction to theories of personality. Psychology Press. Lichtenberg, J. D., Lachmann, F. M., Fosshage, J. L. (2016).Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique(Vol. 13). Routledge. Mannoni, O. (2015).Freud: The theory of the unconscious. Verso Books. O'brien, D. (2013).Cultural policy: Management, value and modernity in the creative industries. Routledge. O'Hagan, T. (Ed.). (2017).Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Routledge. Richter, H. (2015).Virginia Woolf: The Inward Voyage. Princeton University Press. Squier, S. M. (2017).Virginia Woolf and London: The sexual politics of the city. UNC Press Books.