Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economy - Essay Example The government debt increases due to budget deficits do no good but instead create complex problems for the economy and it drags the economy further away from growth. This is especially in the case of under developed economies as they are worse-off by such a situation. On the other hand, developed countries do have a cushion against such problems and endure the effects by strictly controlling the inflation through monetary policy. In case of developing economies, they have lesser reserves to back their position, while being more productive they still run continuous deficits (Charles, 1995). This invokes further activity, owing to the fact that the economy is below its potential output but usually is not managed adequately and thus results in demand pull or cost push inflation in different circumstances and hence these developing countries are seldom able to reap the benefits of their economic activity. The budget deficits are rooted from the time of the great depression of 1930s which was witnessed by and had strong influence on many economies worldwide before the Second World War though there were numerous reasons for the Great Depression beginning in 1929, including not only the structural weaknesses but also a series of certain other events. The declining demand in the economy laid down pressures on government and whilst they had to manage the decline in economic activity, the government expenditures eventually increased to accommodate these problems thus putting burdens over the budgets and eventually running deficits (Bernanke, 2007). Another reason stated had been the decline in international trade thus affecting many countries of the world whose economy depended on the international transactions. As stated by one of the famous analysts, the chain of events proceeded as follows (Fisher, 1933): Thus when the free hand didn’t work out, government started to play a pivotal role in the economic activity for the

Immigration and unemployment in canada Term Paper

Immigration and unemployment in canada - Term Paper Example he above figure shows that although Canada has been accommodating immigrants since the late 19th century, yet the number has drastically increased after the mid of the 20th century, specifically in the last two decades. (www.immigrationwatchcanada.org, 200-) mentioned in the same report that recent surveys have discovered that over 2 millions of Canadians are unemployed. The point of consideration is â€Å"if the increasing number of immigrants has influenced the number of employment opportunities for the native Canadians.† There are various factors that play their role in linking immigration and employment status in Canada. Canada is spread on a large piece of land, naturally enriched with natural resources. On the contrary, the low fertility rate of Canadian natives is not compatible with the number of workers required for the establishment and development of industries needed to make use of Canada’s natural resources for the well-being of the country. It is this characteristic feature of the Canadian culture that necessitates the influx of immigrants to overcome the deficiency of skilled workers in order to ensure economic growth and development of the country. This, undoubtedly ma y cause an apparent job-deficit for the native Canadians, yet the practice is likely to bear fruitful results in the long run as a result of a development in the industries followed by increased GDPs in the years to come. Also, the benefits of immigration outweigh the harms it may cause to the native Canadians in that the development in business results in increased facilities in no time and a better life-style for the Canadians to enjoy. Besides, Canadian policies tend to eliminate fears of economic drawback on the part of the native Canadians by creating a difference between the wages of a native and an immigrant working parallel to each other in terms of skill and position. Canadian policies tend to adopt a biased approach when setting wages in favor of the natives, who get higher

Alchemy, Compare Paracelsus Essay Example for Free

Alchemy, Compare Paracelsus Essay Neither Francis Bacon nor Paracelsus claims to be a professional alchemist, however, they both portray a strong defence as to why it is imperative to divulge the mysteries of nature. Both readings assert alchemy as a way of discovering the true forms of things. Paracelsus uses alchemy as a reference point of the past in defence for his use of medicine, whereas Bacon asserts through inductive reasoning that this ‘art of logic’ is how ‘we conquer nature’ (Bacon 1620). What they both get right is their concept of alchemy as an art, and how it is seen as ‘the art of discovery’ (Dawkins 1999). f the divine power. Bacon has two readings that both discuss the matter of alchemy, however, in diverse ways. Firstly, let us acknowledge his insisting on inductive reasoning. Essentially, Bacon presumes through inductive reasoning several interpretations of nature; he chooses this argumentative approach because of his inferences of the unobserved patterns of the future from particulars observed in the past. He suggests an entirely new system of logic, which is based on induction, rather than on syllogism. In fact, Bacon rejects proof by syllogism as it ‘operates in confusion and lets nature slip out of our hands’ (Bacon 1620). Through alchemy, we can conquer nature; overcome the ‘difficult and dark things’ (Bacon 1620). What’s more is the role he suggests of observational experiment as prerequisites for the construction of scientific theory (Bacon 1620). Paracelsus, on the other hand, convinces us that alchemy is ‘nothing, but the art, which can separate the useful from the useless, and transmute it into its final substance and its ultimate essence’ (Paracelsus 1951). He deduces that, without alchemy, there would not be medicine. So we can conclude that when he defends alchemy, he defends medicine, rather than the revelation of the mysteries of nature. In his guide, Bacon discusses how we can teach our minds to be receptive to truth and how our minds can invoke illusions, perceptual illusions – idols of the tribe (Mulder 2000)that are inherent in the nature of the intellect itself. Our senses are how we inspect and analyse the nature of this real world (Bacon 1620), and it is within our subconsciousness that we devise things in certain ways. Our senses affect the way in which we perceive shapes, colours and metals. Whereas Paracelsus talks about physical changes, like from lead to gold. Did he then consider himself to be a ‘natural magician’, who explored the secrets of nature(Gal 2013)? Moreover, he notes the mysteries of nature and how alchemy attempts to reveal and ‘brings to light’ (Paracelsus 1951) what is hidden. There is physical transmutation, an experience, which leads to the unveiling of truth and disproves mystery. What we also should take into consideration is the role of God and how His influence has affected their respective analysis In Bacon’s The Making of Gold, he addresses the negative view on alchemy due to incorrect implementation. He notes that if done in a proper manner with axioms, then it would work and people would be more accepting of it. Similarly, Paracelsus believes his medicine is the only way to recognize and overcome diseases. ‘Physicians who say that the prescriptions (he) writes are poison’ (Paracelsus 1951), are lacking in understanding of natural forces. The mysterium of nature created by God is implemented through alchemy. As a consequence, are alchemists seen to be meddling with God’s creation? If they are, it is supposedly both futile and heretical, and we’ll say: dangerous. Indeed God tasks man with completing his natural creation, for ‘man is nature’s agent and interpreter’(Bacon 1620), however, can we say the transmutation of base metals to gold is a way for mankind to alter the ways of God’s creation, perhaps even replace God’s intentions? For example, the ‘spirit of metal be quickened, and the tangible parts opened’(Bacon 1627) leads to the revelation of gold, hence the alchemist reveals great virtues that ‘lie hidden in nature’(Paracelsus 1951). Here, Bacon presents us with two types of worlds in his Guide to the Interpretation of Nature; nature, free and unconstrained, and nature, confined and harassed when forced from its own condition by art and human agency (Bacon 1627). Essentially, Bacon argues that nature is more likely to reveal its full potential through the ‘harassment of art’, rather than in ‘her own proper freedom’(Bacon 1627). Although Paracelsus asserts that alchemy is indispensable, Bacon accepts the understanding of nature that upheld the theoretical principles of alchemy (Linden 1974). He embraced a similarity of sorts, but one divested in the tremendously complicated system of analogies (those referencing God, included) adopted by Paracelsus and the magicians.

Leadership Esentials :: Leader Leading Management

Although some people treat the term's "manager ship" and "leadership" as synonyms, the two should be distinguished. As a matter of fact, there can be leaders of completely unorganized groups, but there can be managers, as conceived here, only where organized structures create roles. (Main, 1987) Separating leadership from manager ship has important analytical advantages. It permits leadership to be singled out for study without the encumbrance of qualifications relating to the more general issue of manager ship. Leadership is an important aspect of managing. (Kotler, 1990) As this paper will show the ability to lead effectively is one of the keys to being an effective manager, also, undertaking the other essentials of managing-doing the entire managerial job-has an important bearing on ensuring that a manager will be an effective leader. Managers must exercise all the function of their role in order to combine human and material resources to achieve objectives. The key to doing this is the existence of a clear role and a degree of discretion or authority to support manager's actions. The essence of leadership is follower ship. (Haller & Til, 1982) In other words, it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader. Moreover, people tend to follow those whom they see as providing a means of achieving their own desires, wants, and needs. Leadership and motivation are closely interconnected. By understanding motivation, one can appreciate better what people want and why they act as they do. Also, as noted in the previous chapter, leaders may not only respond to subordinates, motivations but also arouse or dampen them by means of the organizational climate they develop. Both these factors are as important to leadership as they are to manager ship. Defining Leadership: Leadership has different meaning to various authors. (Bass, 1981) Leadership is defined as influence, that is, the art or process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals ideally, people should be encouraged to develop not only willingness to work but also willingness to work with zeal and confidence. Zeal is ardor, earnestness, and intensity in the execution of work; confidence reflects experience and technical ability. Leaders act to help a group attain objectives through the maximum application of its capabilities. They do not stand behind a group to push and prod, they place themselves before the group as they facilitate progress and inspire the group to accomplish organizational goals.

Annoying Shoppers

Johnny Bullock English 104 Bowman December 5, 2012 Annoying Shoppers Grocery shopping can be a very interesting experience. It seems like nothing more than a quick and easy chore at first. You go in, throw whatever you want into your cart, pay and then get out. Its almost relaxing, that is if the grocery store is completely empty. Unfortunately, there are always those other shoppers. The ones who think they own the place or something. They’re in just about every grocery store in America. You know who I’m talking about, that one parent- usually a mom- with a kid who just so happens to be screaming bloody murder.Also, everyone knows a bad cart driver when they see one, not to mention the label readers. And finally, probably the worst of them all, the Couponers. If you’re like me and you like to get your grocery shopping done as fast and productive as possible, these four shoppers are your worst enemies. Imagine yourself going to the grocery store. You drive into th e parking lot, circle around for a minute or so just to find that perfect spot as close to the front door as possible. You gather the things you need: grocery list, phone, money, credit cards etc, and exit your car.As you walk by the automatic doors to go get a cart, the doors open and that’s when you hear it. That ear piercing, glass breaking, nails-on-a-chalkboard howl that comes from a small child no taller than your knee. As the screaming stops- only for an instant as the heathen catches its breath- and starts back up again, you find yourself blankly staring at the mother of this child as you pass by each other. You can’t help but think, â€Å"can you please take some control of your kid? This is a public place not your home! † but decide its better to just keep walking.Until you realize that you have completely forgotten what you were shopping for thanks to that bellowing kid. Good thing you brought a list right? The doors close behind you and the screaming fades. You have but a moment of peace before you look up and ZOOM!! Some guy decides its a good idea to use his cart as a scooter, almost hitting you as he whizzes over to the produce section. Now, what in the world would make him think that’s a good idea? The grocery store is not a skatepark, and I’m certain that its small enough to easily get from point A, to point B just by walking.Is it possible that he’s just looking for a little more excitement in his life? Maybe, he’s the same as you or me and wants to get his shopping done as fast as he can. Whatever the reason, people like him need to learn some courtesy and realize that there are other people in the world. You are now able to get started and pick up all the things on your list, you decide to turn down the â€Å"organics† aisle figuring it would be a shorter path to the front of the store. Little did you know this would be your worst mistake of the whole trip. Walking down the row of heal thy foods are some of the worst grocery shoppers there are, the label-readers.These are the health-nuts who will literally stand in the middle of the aisle and read every nutrition fact, ingredient, percentage and amount of grams per serving there are in a caesar salad. Then, as if it wasn’t already bad enough, they will continue to put that salad down and grab another salad made by a different company in order to compare the labels. Now, this wouldn't be such a problem if they didn’t decide to park their cart on one side of the aisle and stand on the other side reading the labels, stopping you dead in your tracks.Obviously label-readers must think its their world and the rest of us are just living in it. In which case, they need a wake up call. But regardless of the fact, you don’t want to be rude so you politely say â€Å"excuse me† and proceed to the check out counter. The check out counter, the final stretch of your shopping experience. All there is l eft to do now is pay for your items and go. It seems like this should be the easiest part right? Wrong. Unfortunately, you have two items too many to use the â€Å"express lane,† and all but one of the â€Å"self checkout† machines are out-of-order.So, after carefully scanning each regular check-out line, you finally spot the one with what seems like the shortest line and casually stroll over there to wait your turn. What you didn’t see, was that the lady you decided to stand behind had the entire store in her cart! Little did you know that she was the worst shopper of them all- the Couponer. This is the bargain-shopper who’s annoying actions are broken down into three steps. First, this shopper will decide to pack her cart so full that the pile of groceries in her cart is taller than she is!Inevitably, creating a longer waiting time for you. Next, she will stand there, stare at the clerk’s computer screen and argue about the 2-for-1 price for ever y item that doesn’t match up exactly the way she wants. Finally, after all her groceries are scanned, bagged and carted, the couponer will then proceed to dig through her entire purse searching for every coupon she has ever saved over the past year for that one shopping trip. As if she hasn’t already wasted enough of everyone’s time.It is at this point of your experience when you realize that any hope of an efficient and speedy shopping trip was just tossed out the window. With all of the annoying people that decide to go to the grocery store, shopping can easily turn from a quick and easy chore into one of the most tedious experiences of your life. I encourage you, as a shopper, to watch out for people like this the next time you go shopping. Unless you just so happen to be one of these people, in which case I will be watching out for you next time I take a trip to the grocery store.

Jane Austens Emma - Character Analysis of Protagonist

Emma Woodhouse: Awake or Dreaming? A dream. A world where ideas run wild and imagination is the primary mode of thought. Reality is a faraway distance. Eventually, the dream comes to an end as reality creeps into sleep and the fantasy finishes. The story of Jane Austen’s Emma is one of a similar account. Emma Woodhouse, the main character, has an active imagination that causes her to loose sight of reality like getting lost in dreaming. Her imagination and â€Å"disposition to think a little too well of herself† causes Emma to be emotionally arrogant and skews her perception of other characters (Austen, 1). Throughout the novel, Emma struggles to develop emotionally because her dream-derived visions of those around her and her obsession with†¦show more content†¦She even goes so far as keeping Harriet from marrying Mr. Martin, who both truly loves her and is closer to her in social status. While it is ultimately Harriet’s choice to decline Mr. Martin, Emma uses her popularity to influence the decision. â€Å"[T]hough Emma continued to protest against any assistance being wanted [from Harriet], it was in fact given in the formation of every sentence† (34). Caught up in her self-appointed role as cupid, Emma ignores the possibility that Harriet and Mr. Martin could ever live happily together. Upon hearing of Harriet’s rejection to Mr. Martin, Knightley suspects Emma’s attempt to produce a match between Harriet and Mr. Elton. He warns Emma about the unlikelihood of Mr. Elton reducing himself to Harriet’s inferior position through marriage. While his warning causes Emma to momentarily doubt herself, she quickly erases these thoughts with â€Å"a satisfaction which settled her with her own mind, and convinced her†¦ she had done nothing which woman’s friendship and woman’s feelings would not justify† (43). Evidently, Emma is easily able to dismiss Mr. Knightley’s rational suggestions, satisfied with her own more amusing ideas. She remains confident in her own imaginative schemes, letting that govern her conduct. As the novel progresses and Mr. Elton reveals Emma as the true object of his affection, Emma’s prediction and meddling proves to be a failure. In reflecting on her behavior, Emma notes,Show MoreRelatedJane Austens Emma - Character Analysis of Protagonist1656 Words   |  7 PagesEmma Woodhouse: Awake or Dreaming? A dream. A world where ideas run wild and imagination is the primary mode of thought. Reality is a faraway distance. Eventually, the dream comes to an end as reality creeps into sleep and the fantasy finishes. The story of Jane Austen’s Emma is one of a similar account. Emma Woodhouse, the main character, has an active imagination that causes her to loose sight of reality like getting lost in dreaming. Her imagination and â€Å"disposition to think a little too wellRead MoreTransformations: Emma and Clueless1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe universality of themes pervading both Emma and Clueless in correlation with the humanistic, obviously flawed protagonists in both texts, captivates and immerses responders. This engagement leads to an involvement and enjoyment in the composer’s craft, which enables the responders’ to obtain sophisticated insight into the text’s concerns on both subjective and objective levels. Critiques agree that the transformation enabl es an audience to â€Å"enjoy cultural capital and aesthetic knowledge† whileRead MoreJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 Pages2.3 The Gothic Romance. 13 3. Jane Austen and Her Novels in relation to the Contemporary Literature. 15 3.1. Austen’s Criticism about the Contemporary Fiction. 15 3.2. Jane Austen as a Conservative Writer and as a Social Critic. 16 3.3. Austen’s writing in her own perception. 17 4. Pride and Prejudice. 20 4.1. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy – the Reversed Ideals. 20 22 5. Emma 23 5.1. Emma the heroine. 23 5.2. Men of sense and silly wives 26 5.3. Emma as the unusual learning. 28 ConclusionsRead MoreFeminist Undertones in Pride and Prejudice2078 Words   |  9 PagesFEMINIST UNDERTONES IN ‘PRIDE AND PREJUDICE’ Introduction Jane Austen authored the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813, a period in the social history of England that saw most women as best equipped for the private and domestic realm. An ideal woman was the picture of chastity, innocence and compliancy. Even women authors in this period were expected to adhere to genres that were considered to be solely their domain- the refined arts, householdRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Emma By Jane Austen1648 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Analysis of Emma by Jane Austen In Jane Austen’s novel, Emma, protagonist Emma avoids her own transformation by her attempts to transform others. However, Emma experiences her coming-of-age through the stable characters of those around her. Austen reveals how self-transformation is necessary in maturing and establishing self-awareness. Emma Woodhouse possesses qualities that many would envy: beauty, intelligence, wealth, and youth. However, the positive aspects of Emma are equallyRead MoreEssay Emma: The Character2155 Words   |  9 PagesEmma Woodhouse, who begins the novel handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and a happy disposition (Austen 1), suffers from a dangerous propensity to play matchmaker, diving into other’s lives, for what she believes is their own good. Despite this, she is a sympathetic character. Her matchmaking leads only to near-disasters and her expressions of remorse following these mistakes are sincere and resolute. Jane Austens Emma concerns the social milieu of a sympathetic, but flawed youngRead MoreThe Rise of the Novels in the Eighteenth Century4179 Words   |  17 Pagesracy, gripping narrative combined with an unflinching realism generally concerned with the seamy and sordid aspects of life (commonly, low life). His lead was to be followed by numerous novelists. Defoes limitation lies in the fact that his protagonists are psychologically too simple and that he makes nobody laugh and nobody weep . But his didacticism was to find favour with all the novelists of the eighteenth, and even many of the nineteenth, century. Some call Defoe the first English novelistRead MoreThe Relevance Of Physical Description2950 Words   |  12 Pagesmental pictures of characters, settings and situations and use their ability to read characters’ bodies and minds to make sense of the author’s words. The beauty of a literary text is that it allows readers to have individual reading experiences; each reader will create their own mental picture based on the words they read. But if each person is going to form a different mental picture, there seems to be no point in describing characters or settings in a text. Through an analysis of six novels rangingRead More The Basic Elements of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice4010 Words   |  17 Pagesa very complicated but simple play and for a new learner of Jane Austens this work, one should have to know the basics of this novel. Under are discussed the same basics for the help of the new readers. BACKGROUND INFORMATION - BIOGRAPHY Jane Austen was born in 1775 at Steventon, Hampshire in southern England, where her father was a minister. She was the sixth child in a family of seven children. The family was very close, and Jane had a particular closeness to her sister Cassandra. Although

World Trade Organisation and Economic Globalisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2802 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? World Trade Organization and Economic Globalization Table of Contents Introduction Task 1: Role of WTO in Driving Globalization of Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economy Major Functions of WTO Exceptional Governance of Trading Issues Stimulation of Economic Growth and Employment Policing Makes Life Easier for All More Choice of Products and Qualities for People WTO As a Forerunner of Raising Income with Economic Globalization WTO Saves Governments from Lobbying Cutting Living Costs Constructive Handling of Disputes among Members Verdict Task 2: Claims Regarding Discriminating Policies of WTO in Favor of Northern Countries WTO Policies Against Environmental Regulation Promotion of Interests of Big Corporations Rich Country Lobbies Why WTO Policies Doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t Offer Advantage to Developing Countries Intellectual Property Enforcement and Discriminate Rules Against Trade Blocks Monopoly of the US an d Northern Countries in Shaping Policies of WTO Impact of WHO on Policies of WTO Conclusion Bibliography . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "World Trade Organisation and Economic Globalisation" essay for you Create order Introduction The World Trade Organization, formerly called as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), is a governing body for driving international trade and policing the trade rules. The organization officially took its charge in 1995 on the basis of Marrakech Agreement, signed by 123 nations. The organization provides a framework for negotiation and formalizing agreements among member countries. It aims to lower the trade barriers and encourage countries to trade with each other. WTO faces most of the issues from previous trade negotiations such as Uruguay Round. Task 1: Role of WTO in Driving Globalization of Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Economy Major Functions of WTO The Canada, European Union, Japan, and the US are the four biggest traders in WTO. Their trading policies are reviewed every two years. WTO settles disputes related to trading among member countries. WTO also trains the developing countries for trading. The organization provides information about successful marketing techniques. WTO contributes a lot in making global economic policy. WTO promotes fair competition between countries and inspires trade liberalization for accelerating economic growth and economic globalization. WTO aims to reduce poverty in developing countries by involving them in international trade. Exceptional Governance of Trading Issues The focus of different organizations on governance of international trade has increased considerably. A number of scholars have criticized and dictated the role of World Bank and IMF to member states and to the goals, priorities they set for each agency. In these cases, these organizations failed to inspire economic growth in developing countries. WTO aims to remove these deficiencies that are hurdles in globalization of world economy. WTO drives a suite of legal agreements among different states. It serves more than just a set of agreements. It facilitates trading among member countries by throwing away all the barriers and settling their disputes. Indeed, WTO servers the function of exceptional governance of trading issues and problems. Stimulation of Economic Growth and Employment The relationship between trade and employment opportunities is complex. The better the trading, there will be more employment opportunities. It is also true that competition in imports will lead to pressure on producers, and force them to lay off workers. WTO motivates countries to take part in international trading to achieve high living standards, full employment, and sustainable development. The developed countries can open their markets very easily and open economies grow faster and steadily as compared to closed economies. As a result, there will be more job opportunities in growing economy. Policing Makes Life Easier for All The policies and rules set by WTO makes trading quite easy and negotiation free to the maximum extent. WTO doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t claim to make all countries equal. However, it plays its role in reducing the economic difference between member countries. The decisions are never imposed on countries. Rather the rules are passed with consensus of member countries. Rich and poor countries carry equal rights to challenge each other on rules. The approach, towards equality of trading countries, makes life easy for all. More Choice of Products and Qualities for People The international trading increased the choice of products for people. You can import items that are not found in your country and export the ones that are abundant. You can cut flowers from any part of the world, all sorts of electronic items, goods, music, movies, and so on. WTO As a Forerunner of Raising Income with Economic Globalization International trade is a vital source for raising income levels in a country. WTO lowers trade barriers and allows countries to trade products and services. These tactics increase the flow of assets in national and personal incomes. However, some adjustment is still required. WTO Saves Governments from Lobbying WTO rules help governments to adopt a balanced approach towards international trading. The governments are able to defend themselves against lobbying from narrow interest groups. The countries prefer interest of everyone to boost globalization of world economy. Cutting Living Costs The consumers need to buy food, clothing, necessities and luxuries. These items are affected by trade policies. The global system of trade introduced by WTO increase the chances of international trade. It applies the principle of non-discrimination. These strategies result in reduced cost of production (because imports used in the production are cheaper) and reduced prices of goods and services. Hence, the cost of living will be lowered accordingly. Constructive Handling of Disputes among Members As trade expands in number of products and the number of parties involved, the probabilities of arising disputes increase. The role of WTO is quite important in this regard. WTO resolves these disputes peacefully and in a constructive manner. It is obligation of countries to bring their trade disputes to WTO and not to act unilaterally. WTO has dealt with around 300 disputes ever since it was created around 20 years ago. Had WTO not resolve these conflicts, there would have been more political issues. Verdict In short, the role of WTO in managing international trade and driving globalization of economy carries significant importance in the growing economies of member countries. The actions and policies play a central role in solving conflicts, lowering trade barrier, improving employment opportunities, easing out life for members, and much more. Task 2: Claims Regarding Discriminating Policies of WTO in Favor of Northern Countries The stated core objective and aim of WTO is to promote free trade and stimulate economic growth. The actions and policies of WTO face strong criticism on the face of widening the social gap between rich and poor countries. According to Martin Khor (Khor 2000), WTO doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t manage international trade on non-discrimination policies. It contains a systematic bias towards stronger countries that are economically rich. The policies of WTO harm smaller countries which carry less negotiation power. Some suggested examples to support these arguments are presented as follows: Rich countries can easily maintain high import duties and quotas in certain products, while blocking imports from developing countries. The non-tariff barriers like anti-dumping measures play against developing countries. The agriculture is highly protected in developed countries. On the other hand, the developing countries are forced to open their markets. Many developing countries donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have sufficient resources to follow the negotiations and take part actively in Uruguay Round. The developing countries are limited from utilizing some technology that originates from abroad in their local systems (including medicines and agricultural products). According to Khor, the Northern countries have not lived up to their agreements in implementing their obligations with reference to various policies. Khor also argues that Doha Round negotiations have been oriented towards development-friendly outcomes. The developing countries are pressurized to open their agricultural, industrial, and other sectors (Khor 2007). WTO Policies Against Environmental Regulation Steve Charnovitz, former Director of the Global Environment and Trade Study, asserted that WTO should address the environmental aspects of increasing the international trade. The increased trade among various countries would cause adverse effect to environment that cannot be traded off with the benefits offered by growing economy (Charnovitz 2000). Promotion of Interests of Big Corporations The policies of WTO seem to support big corporations in the developed countries. According to Martin Knor, the trade measures have become a vehicle for social organizations and big corporations to boost their own interests (Khor 2002). Rich Country Lobbies Bhagwati researched a lot about rich country lobbies in favor of their own interests. He has criticized the introduction of TRIPs into the WTO framework. Such non-trade agencies would control the overall function of organization in a negative way. The TRIPS have resulted in reduced welfare for developing countries and rest of the world as a whole (Bhagwati 2005). Why WTO Policies Doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t Offer Advantage to Developing Countries The international trade policies of WTO are oriented towards reducing the discrimination between member countries. However, the design and implementation of policies make it difficult for developing countries for fully utilizing the core objectives of WTO. Some of the WTO agreements and policies lead to imbalances in favor of developed countries. One of the core objectives of WTO is to enhance member states, and access to member markets, has been realized in an imbalanced fashion, leading to the detriment of developing countries. The stipulations and rules of WTO contribute towards reducing the policy space of developing countries. This condition hampers their pursuance of national interests aimed at boosting economic development. A lot of these asymmetries could be attributed to governance structure of WTO which explains why international trade negotiations have preserved such imbalanced outcomes. WTO must develop some advanced trade regime that facilitates most sustainable integration of developing countries into the world economy. The efforts of WTO should be aligned towards benefitting developing countries equally from its policies and mitigate the hindrances in this regard. Intellectual Property Enforcement and Discriminate Among the Great Bargain agreements, there was also an agreement of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Bernhardt 2014). This agreement was initiated by the advanced economies who aimed to force developing countries to recognize their intellectual property. The TRIPS agreement requires the members to set minimal standards for the protection of complete range of their intellectual property. It contains plenty of imbalances from North-South perspective. First, it plays in the favor of global uniformization of IPR regimes according to Northern standards which burdens the Southern countries a lot in relation to adjustment costs. The TRIPS require IPR protection to around 20 years in virtually all fields of technology. Previously, many developing countries had extremely relaxed IPRs. Strict IPR conditions result in more economic costs for developing countries. In addition to the adjustment and implementation costs, there are also welfare costs for firms which a re using foreign patented or newly patentable knowledge and also for consumers who have to pay higher prices for patented products. Figure 1: Low and Middle income countries, flow of royalty and license fee in BoP (Million US $, 1985-2009). (Bernhardt 2014) It is obvious from the figure that international payments for licenses and royalties from developing countries increased tremendously since the TRIPs agreement. Northern countries contain 86% of all worldwide patents and receive 97% of all patent royalties. This situation makes very difficult for developing countries to access technology and to enter the innovation process. Rules Against Trade Blocks The countries that form trade blocks, get involved in inter-governmental agreements to promote narrow-level trading in a certain region. They trade with each other more as compared to the rest of the world. The regional blocks damage the process of further trade liberalization (Zissimos n.d.). The current dispute over bananas between the US and the EU is a case to consider in the blocking regard. According to the US claims, EU countries are providing favored access to banana producers from former colonies. They have closed imports from US owned banana plantations. The European Union has asked the members to take firm stand against US objections. In certain situations, it is good to have combined power to stand against a foreign body. However, the situation with bananas doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fall in this category. The European consumers are paying the quote rent in an excess amount. The quota rent is basically the difference between the market value of buying bananas elsewh ere and high priced protected bananas. Less than 10% quota goes into the hands of developing countries. The rules of WTO are formulated to ensure that creation of trade block increases the multilateral liberalization process. The countries may form blocks if they are willing not to become protectionist towards outsiders. The purchasing powers of block countries increase, while that of outside countries decreases. It is due to the fact that the members could purchase outsidersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ items more cheaply. So, there should be limit to the expansion that we should expect from blocks. Monopoly of the US and Northern Countries in Shaping Policies of WTO The northern countries and US impose non-tariff trade barriers for developing countries. Due to these barriers, the market access for the developing countries is severely restricted. WTO addresses these non-tariff barriers, but the rules are limited in their effect on the progress of non-industrial nations into Northern markets (Bernhardt 2014) The non-tariff barrier could take several shapes. Anti-dumping rule is a good example in this regard. This rule prevents selling goods below cost. The real problem is their application. Each country can set its own standard and have its own calculations method for determining the price of imports. The current system of calculations increases the likelihood of dumping. The number of anti-dumping claims has grown significantly. The Northern countries always seem to protect their own benefits. They would love to deal with the consequences of competitive imports for entering into foreign markets. Their policies would never take care of ind ustries that are under tremendous pressure from anti-dumping laws. Some other forms of non-tariff trade barriers are quantitative restrictions and technical standards. All these barriers reduce the expectations of Southern countries to enter into Northern markets. These factors clearly highlight North-South imbalance in market access. After the implementations of Uruguay Round commitments, the tariffs from developed countries against purchasing goods from developing countries was on average four times more as compared to that traded from other developed countries. Impact of WHO on Policies of WTO The officials of WHO and WTO always keep a close eye on the relation between international trade and public health. WTO itself has passed many agreements related to health and health polices such as Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and Trade in Services (GATS). WTO makes sure that the imports and exports of products are limited where they are dangerous for health of human, animals, and plants. Health is a serious constraint which subordinates the trade-related issues in most of the policies of WTO. The WTO members are given the right to determine the level of health protection they consider appropriate. Human health is given the supreme importance while making policies. WTO also ensures that the workplace abuse is minimized to the maximum extent. This abuse may include harassment against women and also forcing children to work beyond their capabilities. The developed countries are striving hard to bring the rules against chil d labor in the developing countries. WTO has passed some rules against child labor also. Unfortunately, unfair labor practices are followed in many developing countries. The workers in developing countries are subjected to exploitive and abusive working conditions that are dangerous for their health and safety. The proposed solution is that the organizations such as WHO should ensure that the trade rules and policies should be declared specifically to reduce workplace abuse and child labor (Stern 2003). Conclusion WTO plays a central role in governing and leading international trade. Unfortunately, some trade policies go in favor of Northern countries against Southern countries. The approach of WTO is still unbiased, but the circumstances and conditions donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t favor developing countries to take advantage of the WTO policies in a fair way. The unfair means creep in automatically due to various trade barriers and restrictions. As a result, the access of Southern products in Northern markets is restricted. Discrimination among member states arises due to the unintentional orientation of WTO policies in favor of Northern countries. WTO ensures that international trade is globalized by managing health rules and impact of trade blocks in Northern countries. 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